Phân từ hoàn thành và danh động từ hoàn thành
PERFECT GERUNDS AND PERFECT PARTICIPLES
I. Perfect participles (Phân từ hoàn thành)
1. Cấu trúc
having + Ved/ V3
– Phân từ hoàn thành là hình thức động từ ghép bao gồm trợ động từ “having”và quá khứ phân từ của động từ (Ved/ V3)
Ex: having collected, having treated,…
2. Cách dùng
– Dùng để rút ngắn mệnh đề (lược bỏ chủ ngữ) khi trong câu có 2 mệnh đề cùng chủ ngữ: mệnh đề có hành động xảy ra trước được sử dụng phân từ hoàn thành
Ex: When hehad collected all necessary information, hestarted writing his report.
=> Having collected all necessary information, he started writing his report.
(Đã thu thập xong tất cả thông tin cần thiết, anh ấy bắt đầu viết báo cáo.)
– Dùng rút ngắn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian (2 mệnh đề cùng chủ ngữ)
Ex: After he had fallen from the horse back, he was taken to hospital and had an operation.
=> After having fallen from the horse back, he was taken to hospital and had an operation.
– Ngoài ra, chúng ta có thể sử dụng mệnh đề phân từ hoàn thành để nói về lý do cho hành động trong mệnh đề chính (2 mệnh đề phải cùng chủ ngữ).
Ex: Having treated the environment irresponsibly, we now have to suffer the effects of climate change.
(Đã hành động với môi trường một cách vô trách nhiệm, bây giờ chúng ta phải chịu đựng ảnh hưởng của thay đổi khí hậu.)
II. Perfect gerund (Danh động từ hoàn thành)
1. Cách dùng
Chúng ta dùng Danh động từ hoàn thành thay cho hình thức hiện tại của danh động từ khi chúng ta đề cập đến hành động trong quá khứ. (V-ing => Having Ved/V3).
Lúc này danh động từ hoàn thành nhấn mạnh vào hành động trong quá khứ.
Ex:
The boy was accused of breaking the window. => wrong
The boy was accused of having broken the window. => correct
(Cậu bé bị buộc tội đã làm vỡ cửa sổ)
Hành động làm vỡ cửa sổ xảy ra trước hành động buộc tội nên chúng ta phải sử dụng Having Ved/ V3 thay vì dùng Ving
2. Cấu trúc
a. Danh động từ đi sau các động từ đi kèm giới từ
verb + (object) + preposition + having Ved/ V3
appologise for (xin lỗi ai về)
accuse… of (buộc tội ai về)
admire…for (ngưỡng mộ ai về)
blame…for (đổ lỗi cho ai về)
congratulate…on (chúc mừng ai về)
criticise…for (phê bình ai về)
punish…for (trừng phạt ai về)
thank…for (cảm ơn ai về)
suspect…of (nghi ngờ ai về)
Ex: He apologised for having made us wait so long.
(Anh ấy xin lỗi vì đã để chúng tôi chờ đợi quá lâu.)
b. Danh động từ đi sau các động từ đi kèm giới từ
verb + having Ved/ V3
Verbs: deny (phủ nhận), admit (thừa nhận), forget (quên), mention (đề cập), remember (nhớ), recall (gợi lại), regret (hối tiếc),…
Ex: She denied having broken the flower vase.
(Cô ấy phủ nhận việc làm vỡ bình hoa.)
III. Bài tập
Task 1. Chọn đáp án đúng.
1. __________ the shopping, Carrie realized she had forgotten her wallet.
a. Having finished
b. Finish
c. Finished
d. Finishing
2. __________ her speech, she practiced saying it out loud in front of the mirror.
a. Prepares
b. Prepared
c. Having prepared
d. Preparing
3. Jimmy made a bad mistake at work, but his boss didn’t fire him. __________ a second chance, he feels relieved.
a. Receiving
b. Having received
c. Being received
d. Receive
4. The children, __________ their rooms, were ready to go outside and play.
a. having cleaned
b. cleaned
c. clean
d. cleaning
5. __________ the book, she returned it to the library.
a. Read
b. Having read
c. Reads
d. Reading
6. __________ the task, Kevin received praise from his boss.
a. Accomplish
b. Accomplishing
c. Accomplished
d. Having accomplished
7. After __________ their training, the team felt more confident about the upcoming match.
a. having finished
b. finished
c. finish
d. being finished
8. When I called them, they didn’t answer. They pretended __________ already.
a. A. to sleep
b. sleeping
c. having slept
d. to have been sleeping
9. Are you sure you told me? I don’t recall __________ about it.
a. having told
b. having been told
c. to have told
d. to have been told
10. John mentioned __________ in an accident as a child, but he never told us the details.
a. having injured
b. having been injured
c. to have injured
d. to have been injured
Đáp án:
| 1. a | 2. c | 3. b | 4. a | 5. b | 6. d | 7. a | 8. d | 9. b | 10. b |
Task 2. Điền dạng đúng của động từ cho sẵn.
1. The proposal, __________ (approve) by the board, was implemented last Friday.
2. __________ (submit) the report, he realized he had made several mistakes.
3. __________ (complete) the assignment, Julia handed it in to the teacher.
4. __________ (invite) to the event, she was excited to attend.
5. __________ (solve) the puzzle, Henry felt a sense of accomplishment.
6. __________ (do) all the chores, she finally sat down to relax.
7. Hannah mentioned __________ (bite) by a neighbor’s dog when she was 5 years old.
8. He was accused of __________ (steal) the valuable artwork from the museum.
Đáp án:
| 1. having been approved | 2. Having submitted | 3. Having completed |
| 4. Having been invited | 5. Having solved | 6. Having done |
| 7. having been bitten | 8. having stolen |
Task 3. Viết lại câu dùng phân từ hoàn thành, danh động từ hoàn thành.
1. When the students had completed the project, they celebrated with a party.
⮚ ___________________________________________________________.
2. She had finished her work before she left the office.
⮚ ___________________________________________________________.
3. After John had cooked dinner, he set the table for the guests.
⮚ ___________________________________________________________.
4. Since she had already eaten a three-course dinner, she didn’t want any dessert.
⮚ ___________________________________________________________.
5. Georgia was finally able to buy the car she wanted after saving up money for months.
⮚ ___________________________________________________________.
6. He was offered a better job, and then he resigned from his current company.
⮚ ___________________________________________________________.
7. When Sarah had finished her presentation, she breathed a sigh of relief.
⮚ ___________________________________________________________.
8. Rachel had photocopied all the papers before putting them back in the file.
⮚ ___________________________________________________________.
Đáp án:
1. Having completed the project, the students celebrated with a party.
2. Having finished her work, she left the office.
3. Having cooked dinner, John set the table for the guests.
4. Having eaten a three-course dinner, she didn’t want any dessert.
5. Having saved up money for months, Georgia was finally able to buy the car she wanted.
6. Having been offered a better job, he resigned from his current company.
7. Having finished her presentation, Sarah breathed a sigh of relief.
8. Having photocopied all the papers already, Rachel put them back in the file.
